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Senin, 19 Desember 2011

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English is the international language, therefore we need a guide in English language.
Complete English-Indonesian dictionary with tenses, list of adjective, regular verbs, irregular verbs, abbreviations, news agencies, currency, and embassies.





only at a price of 35,000 rupiahs you can get this dictionary, that might help you understand your english.
if you are interested please contact us at the number 085695022322 (Gerald)
(if the money had come in, we will immediately send it to your destination)

Minggu, 18 Desember 2011

10 Scientists Killed or Injured by Their Experiments

10. Karl Scheele
Died from tasting his discoveries
Hskarlwi
Scheele was a brilliant pharmaceutical chemist who discovered many chemical elements – the most notable of which were oxygen (though Joseph Priestley published his findings first), molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, and chlorine. He also discovered a process very similar to pasteurization. Scheele had the habit of taste testing his discoveries and, fortunately, managed to survive his taste-test of hydrogen cyanide. But alas, his luck was to run out: he died of symptoms strongly resembling mercury poisoning.

 
9. Jean-Francois De Rozier
First victim of an air crash
Picture 2-17
Jean-Francois was a teacher of physics and chemistry. In 1783 he witnessed the world’s first balloon flight which created in him a passion for flight. After assisting in the untethered flight of a sheep, a chicken, and a duck, he took the first manned free flight in a balloon. He travelled at an altitude of 3,000 feet using a hot air balloon. Not stopping there, De Rozier planned a crossing of the English Channel from France to England. Unfortunately it was his last flight; after reaching 1,500 feet in a combined hot air and gas balloon, the balloon deflated, causing him to fall to his death. His fiancee died 8 days later – possibly from suicide.
 
8. Sir David Brewster
Nearly blinded
0 Hill And Adamson Brewster
Sir David was a Scottish inventor, scientist, and writer. His field of interest was optics and light polarization – a field requiring excellent vision. Unfortunately for Sir David, he performed a chemical experiment in 1831 which nearly blinded him. While his vision did return, he was plagued with eye troubles until his death. Brewster is well known for having been the inventor of the kaleidoscope – a toy that has brought joy to millions of children over the years.
 
7. Elizabeth Ascheim
Killed by X-Rays
Picture 1-31
Elizabeth Fleischman Ascheim married her doctor, Dr Woolf, shortly after her mother died. Because of his medical position, Woolf was very interested in the new discovery of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – x-rays. His new wife became equally interested and she gave up her job as a bookkeeper to undertake studies in electrical science. Eventually she bought an x-ray machine which she moved in to her husbands office – this was the first x-ray lab in San Francisco. She and her husband spent some years experimenting with the machine – using themselves as subjects. Unfortunately they did not realize the consequences of their lack of protection and Elizabeth died of an extremely widespread and violent cancer.
 
6. Alexander Bogdanov
Killed himself with blood
Alexander Bogdanov
Bogdanov was a Russian physician, philosopher, economist, science fiction writer, and revolutionary. In 1924, he began experiments with blood transfusion – most likely in a search for eternal youth. After 11 transfusions (which he performed on himself), he declared that he had suspended his balding, and improved his eyesight. Unfortunately for Bogdanov, the science of transfusion was a young one and Bogdanov was not one to test the health of the blood he was using or the donor. In 1928, Bogdanov took a transfusion of blood infected with malaria and tuberculosis. Consequently he died shortly after.

5. Robert Bunsen
Blinded himself in one eye
6989-004
Robert Bunsen is probably best known for having given his name to the bunsen burner which he helped to popularize. He started out his scientific career in organic chemistry but nearly died twice of arsenic poisoning. Shortly after his near-death experiences, he lost the sight in his right eye after an explosion of cacodyl cyanide. These being excellent reasons to change fields, he moved in to inorganic chemistry and went on to develop the field of spectroscopy.
 
4. Sir Humphrey Davy
A catalog of disasters
Davy1
Sir Humphrey Davy, the brilliant British chemist and inventor, got a very bumpy start to his science career. As a young apprentice he was fired from his job at an apothecary because he caused too many explosions! When he eventually took up the field of chemistry, he had a habit of inhaling the various gasses he was dealing with. Fortunately this bad habit led to his discovery of the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide. But, unfortunately, this same habit led to him nearly killing himself on many occasions. The frequent poisonings left him an invalid for the remaining two decades of his life. During this time he also permanently damaged his eyes in a nitrogen trichloride explosion.
 
3. Michael Faraday
Suffered chronic poisoning
Michael-Faraday
Thanks to the injury to Sir Humphrey Davy’s eyes, Faraday became an apprentice to him. He went on to improve on Davy’s methods of electrolysis and to make important discoveries in the field of electro-magnetics. Unfortunately for him, some of Davy’s misfortune rubbed off and Faraday also suffered damage to his eyes in a nitrogen chloride explosion. He spent the remainder of his life suffering chronic chemical poisoning.
 
2. Marie Curie
Died of radiation exposure
Curie
In 1898, Curie and her husband, Pierre, discovered radium. She spent the remainder of her life performing radiation research and studying radiation therapy. Her constant exposure to radiation led to her contracting leukemia and she died in 1934. Curie is the first and only person to receive two Nobel prizes in science in two different fields: chemistry and physics. She was also the first female professor at the University of Paris.
 
1. Galileo Galilei
Blinded himself
300Px-Galileo.Arp.300Pix-1
Galileo’s work on the refinement of the telescope opened up the dark recesses of the universe for future generations, but it also ruined his eyesight. He was fascinated with the sun and spent many hours staring at it – leading to extreme damage to his retinas. This was the most likely cause of his near blindness in the last four years of his life. Because of his life’s work, he is sometimes referred to as the “father of modern physics”.

20 Unusual Weather Phenomena

The science of weather is a fascinating one; but even more so are the flukes and irregularities that can occur within our world. This is a list of 20 of the most amazing and unusual of those anomalies.

20. Moon Bows
Moonbow
A rainbow is caused by the Sun shining on moisture droplets, most commonly in a post-rain atmosphere. A moon bow is much rarer, only seen at night when the moon is low and full to almost full. One popular place to see moon bows is at Cumberland Falls in Kentucky, as pictured above.
 
19. Mirages
Mirage
Mirages occur when light is refracted to produce an image of an object or the sky where it is not. It is most commonly seen on hot surfaces, such as the pavement or a desert.
 
18. Haloes
Haloes
Like rainbows, haloes are formed around the Sun due to moisture (in this case ice crystals) being refracted from the Sun’s rays in the upper atmosphere. Sometimes two or more areas of the circle or arcs surrounding the Sun will be brighter, forming what are called Sun Dogs. Haloes can also form around the Moon, and occasionally around the brighter stars and planets like Venus.
 
17. Belt of Venus
Beltofvenus
The belt of Venus is a phenomenon that occurs during dusty evenings when a band of pinkish or brownish sky will appear between the sky and the horizon.
 
16. Noctilucent Clouds
Noctilucentwide Lg
Noctilucent clouds are atmospherically high clouds that refract light at dusk when the Sun has already set, illuminating the sky with no seeming light source.
 
15. Aurora Borealis
Auroraborealis
Also known in the southern hemisphere as the Aurora Australis, the Aurora Borealis are charged particles from the Sun that have reached the Earth’s upper atmosphere and become excited. They are more typically seen closer to the poles and during the equinoxes of the year. [Photo taken by Senior Airman Joshua Strang.]
 
14. Colored Moons
Coloredmoon
Due to different atmospheric issues, the moon will occasionally appear tinged with a color, such as blue, orange, or red. Excess smoke, dust, and eclipses can cause the moon to change color.
 
13. Mammatus Clouds
Mammatus
These odd-shaped clouds are often associated with a storm front, especially one involving a thunderstorm. It’s not completely understood how they form. [Image copyright Jorn Olsen.]
 
12. St Elmo’s Fire
Elmsfire
This weather phenomenon is luminous plasma that appears like fire on objects, such as the masts of ships or lightning rods, in an area that is electrically charged during a thunderstorm. This occurrence was named the after St Elmo, the patron saint of sailors.
 
11. Fire whirls
Firewhirl
A fire whirl is either a tornado spinning too close to a forest fire or a whirl created from too much heat in the area.

10. Pyrocumulus Clouds
Pyrocumulus
Another heat related phenomenon, pyrocumulus clouds form from the fast and intense heating of an area to create convecture, which in turn creates a cumulous cloud. Volcanoes, forest fires, and nuclear explosion (in the form of a mushroom cloud) are all prime causes of pyrocumulus clouds.
 
9. Sun Pillars
Sun-Pillar-Casey1
Sun Pillars occur when the setting sun reflects off high, icy clouds at different layers. It creates a pillar of light that reaches high into the sky. It is also possible to see moon pillars.
 
8. Diamond Dust
Diamond
Linked closely to haloes, diamond dust is a fog made of frozen droplets.
 
7. Non-aqueous Rain
Non-Aqueous
Rare and yet real, cases exist of rains of animals instead of water. This has occurred occasionally throughout history, from the Biblical times up to recent history. Meteorologists are still unsure of the cause.
 
6. Virga
Virga
Virga is when ice crystals in clouds fall, but evaporate before hitting the ground. They appear as trails from clouds reaching for the surface, sometimes giving the cloud a jellyfish-like appearance.
 
5. Katabatic Winds
Katabatic
These are winds that carry dense air from a higher elevation to a lower elevation due to gravity. They are known locally as the Santa Ana (southern California), the Mistral (Mediterranean), the Bora (the Adriatic Sea), Oroshi (Japan), Pitaraq (Greenland), and the Williwaw (Tierra del Fuego). The Williwaw and winds traveling over the Antarctic are particularly hazardous, blowing over 100 knots at times.
 
4. Fire Rainbow
Firerainbow
A fire rainbow is an extremely rare phenomenon that occurs only when the sun is high allowing its light to pass through high-altitude cirrus clouds with a high content of ice crystals.
 
3. Green Ray
Greenflash 512
Also known as the Green Flash. This occurs very briefly before total sunset and after sunrise. It appears as a green flash above the sun that lasts very briefly, generally only a few moments. It is caused by refraction of light in the atmosphere.
 
2. Ball Lightning
Balllightning
This is a very rare phenomenon that involves ball-shaped lightning that moves much slower than normal lightning. It has been reported to be as large as eight feet in diameter and can cause great damage. There are reports of ball lightning destroying whole buildings.
 
1. Sprites, Jets, and Elves
Sprites
All refer to phenomena that occur in the upper atmosphere in the regions around thunderstorms. They appear as cones, glows and discharges. They were only discovered last century, because of their placement and their very brief life-span (they last less than a second).

10 Strangest Animals

10. Frill-necked Lizard
Frillneckedlizard
The Frill-necked Lizard, also known as the Frilled Dragon, is so called because of the large ruff of skin which usually lies folded back against its head and neck. Long spines of cartilage support the neck frill, and when the lizard is frightened, it opens its mouth showing a bright pink or yellow lining, and the frill flares out, displaying bright orange and red scales. They often walk on four legs when on the ground. When frightened they begin to run on all fours and then accelerate onto the hind-legs. The frill of the Australian frilled dragon is used to frighten off potential predators, as well as hissing and lunging.

9. Dumbo Octopus
Dumbooctopus
The octopuses of the genus Grimpoteuthis are also known as “Dumbo octopuses” from the ear-like fins protruding from the top of their “heads” (actually bodies), resembling the ears of Walt Disney’s flying elephant. They are benthic creatures, living at extreme depths, and are some of the rarest of the Octopoda species. They can flush the transparent layer of their skin at will, and are open ocean animals, unlike most octopi.

8. Angora Rabbit
Angorarabbitt
The Angora rabbit is a variety of domestic rabbit bred for its long, soft hair. The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the mid 1700s, and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century. They are bred largely for their long wool, which may be removed by shearing or plucking (gently pulling loose wool).

7. Tasmanian Tiger
Tasmaniantiger
The Thylacine was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modern times. Native to Australia and New Guinea, it is thought to have become extinct in the 20th century. It is commonly known as the Tasmanian Tiger (due to its striped back), the Tasmanian Wolf, and colloquially the Tassie (or Tazzy) Tiger. It was the last extant member of its genus, Thylacinus, although a number of related species have been found in the fossil record dating back to the early Miocene. The Thylacine became extinct on the Australian mainland thousands of years before European settlement of the continent, but survived on the island of Tasmania along with a number of other endemic species, including the Tasmanian Devil. Intensive hunting encouraged by bounties is generally blamed for its extinction, but other contributory factors may have been disease, the introduction of dogs, and human encroachment into its habitat. Despite being officially classified as extinct, sightings are still reported.

6. Platypus
Platypus
The Platypus is a semi-aquatic mammal endemic to eastern Australia. Together with the four species of echidna, it is one of the five mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The bizarre appearance of this egg-laying, duck-billed mammal baffled naturalists when it was first discovered, with some considering it an elaborate fraud. It is one of the few venomous mammals; the male Platypus has a spur on the hind foot, which delivers a poison capable of causing severe pain to humans. The unique features of the Platypus make it an important subject in the study of evolutionary biology and a recognizable and iconic symbol of Australia; it has appeared as a mascot at national events and is featured on the reverse of the Australian 20 cent coin.

5. Narwhal
Narwhal
The Narwhal is an Arctic species of cetacean. It is one of two species of white whale, the other being the Beluga whale. The most conspicuous characteristic of male narwhal is their single extraordinarily long tusk, an incisor that projects from the left side of the upper jaw and forms a left-handed helix. The tusk can be up to nearly 10 feet long and weigh up to 22 pounds. About one in 500 males has two tusks, which occurs when the right tooth, normally small, also grows out. The purpose of the tusk has been the subject of much debate. Early scientific theories suggested that the tusk was used to pierce the ice covering the narwhal’s Arctic Sea habitat. Others suggested the tusk was used in echolocation. More recently, scientists believed the tusk is primarily used for showmanship and for dominance: males with larger tusks are more likely to successfully attract a mate.

4. Anglerfish
Anglerfish
Anglerfish are named for their characteristic mode of perdition, wherein a fleshy growth from the fish’s head (the esca) acts as a lure. Anglerfish also have spines protruding from their head, movable in all directions. The esca can be wiggled so as to resemble a prey animal, and thus to act as bait to lure other predators. Deep-sea anglerfish live mainly in the oceans’ aphotic zones, where the water is to deep for the sun to penetrate; therefore their perdition relies on the “lure” being bioluminescent. Since individuals are presumably locally rare and encounters doubly so, finding a mate is problematic. When scientists first started capturing ceratioid anglerfish, they noticed that all of the specimens were females. These individuals were a few inches in size and almost all of them had what appeared to be parasites attached to them. It turned out that these “parasites” were the remains of male ceratioids

3. Leafy Sea-dragon
Leafyseadragon
Named after the dragons of Chinese mythology, Leafy Sea-dragons resemble a piece of drifting seaweed as they float in the seaweed-filled water. The Leafy Sea-dragon, with green, orange and gold hues along its body, is covered with leaf-like appendages, making it remarkably camouflaged. Only the fluttering of tiny fins or the moving of an independently swiveling eye reveals its presence. Sea-dragons have no teeth or stomach and feed exclusively on mysidopsis shrimp. Known as “Australian seahorses” in Australia, they are found in calm, cold water that is approximately 50-54° Fahrenheit. The South Australian government since 1982 has protected Leafy Sea-dragons.

2. Yeti Crab
Yeticrab
Kiwa hirsuta is a crustacean discovered in 2005 in the South Pacific Ocean. This decapod, 6 inches long, is notable for the quantity of silky blond setae (resembling fur) covering thoracic legs and claws. Its discoverers dubbed it the “yeti lobster” or “yeti crab”. Based on both morphology and molecular data, the species was deemed to form a new genus and family (Kiwaidae). The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack pigment, and is thought to be blind. The ‘hairy’ pincers contain filamentous bacteria, which the creature may use to detoxify poisonous minerals from the water emitted by the hydrothermal vents where it lives. Alternatively, it may feed on the bacteria, although it is thought to be a general carnivore. Its diet also consists of green algae and small shrimp.

1. Coelacanth
Coelacanth
Coelacanth is the common name for an order of fish that includes the oldest living lineage of jawed fish known to date. The coelacanths, which are related to lungfishes and tetrapods, were believed to have been extinct since the end of the Cretaceous period, until the first specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa, off the Chalumna River in 1938. Since 1938, they have been found in the Comoros, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, among other places. Coelacanths first appear in the fossil record in the Middle Devonian, about 410 million years ago. Coelacanths are lobe-finned fish with the pectoral and anal fins on fleshy stalks supported by bones, and the tail or caudal fin diphycercal (divided into three lobes), the middle one of which also includes a continuation of the notochord.

10 Extreme Weather Anomalies

10. 1992 Alberta Chinook
Chinook-Arch-4157
The Canadian Province of Alberta has a bout a warm air and weather, known as a chinook, once every several years. However, this was about the most notable and unique one to come to Alberta. On February 27, 1992, Southern Alberta was actually basking in warm, summer-like sunshine, with Calgary reaching a high of 22.6 degrees Celsius (72.7 degrees Fahrenheit). For comparison, the average high temperature for that date and location is 1.3 degrees Celsius (34.3 degrees Fahrenheit) and Calgary has been known to see occasional days in March where the high temperature does not exceed -20 degrees Celsius. In a typical year, Calgary does not see its first 20 Celsius day until sometime in April, some years even May, but this is the only time ever this Albertan city has seen one in February.

 
9. 2010 Russia Heat Wave
Russia-Fire 1706455C
In the summer of 2010, Russia encountered scorching, unbearable heat that reached up to the high 40s in some regions. Many people, estimated at 15,000, but possibly more, died of heat stroke and forest fires. The period of hot weather continued through July and August.

 
8. 2010 Ontario April Heat Wave
470 To Fog 100706
In the City of Ottawa, Ontario, the capital city of Canada, when do you think would be the ideal time of year to get out your barbecue, put your shorts and T-shirt on, or flock down to the beach? Perhaps July or August, when the temperature typically hits 26 degrees Celsius, but definitely nowhere outside of June, September or maybe late May. But how about April? And to top that up, early April? Well, most years that would be out of the question, as the temperature in the first week of April typically reaches a lowly high of about 7 degrees Celsius. But if you came in 2010, it would be a totally different story. Ontario was soaked in a wave of heat from the south and Ottawa was bombarded with two consecutive hot days. The mercury shot up to 28.2 degrees Celsius (82.8 degrees Fahrenheit) on April 2 and 28.5 degrees Celsius (83.3 degrees Fahrenheit) on April 3. Everyone was amazed the temperature could soar so high that time of year and the weatherman, when predicting the heat wave, had to announce, “This is no April Fool’s joke.”

 
7. 1992 Summer Cold Snap
Snowmansmall
Now, we go from the extremely hot to the extremely cold. In the same year Calgary saw its 1992 February chinook, it saw some abnormal winter weather on the 23rd of August, where the temperature only reached 5.3 degrees Celsius (41.5 degrees Fahrenheit). In addition to the cold, there was a dusting of snow of 0.4 centimeters. Imagine going to the bus stop or supermarket wearing a winter coat in August. That’s a concept just too bizarre to imagine.

 
6. Fast Temperature Increase
Cfiles43720
How about a quick jump in the temperature? On January 22, 1943, Spearfish, South Dakota, USA, saw a leap in the temperature from -20 degrees Celsius (-4 degrees Fahrenheit) to +7 degrees Celsius (45 degrees Fahrenheit) in…get this…only 2 minutes!


5. Extreme January Cold
Cold-Snap-Climate-Change
Throughout January, 1950, the Western US and Canada quite literally froze! People from Washington State describe that month as “infamous”, and Vancouver, Canada, almost constantly remained below freezing! The monthly Vancouver high, following a mild November and average December, was -2.9 degrees Celsius, the coldest ever and Vancouver’s only year of the daily average high for January being below freezing. While the average high for Vancouver in January is 6.1 degrees Celsius, Calgary never made it above freezing at all that month, with an extreme high being -6.7 degrees Celsius on January 5, with 2 days having a high > -10 degrees Celsius, and an average monthly high of -20.4 degrees Celsius.

 
4. Extreme Cold Winter to Extreme Hot Summer
English-Bay-Vancouver
December 2008, brought much snow to Vancouver streets. Christmas was truly white, with knee-deep snow making walking difficult, and driving nearly impossible. The temperature steadily remained below freezing, with a low of -15.2 degrees Celsius being recorded on December 20, only 2.6 degrees Celsius above the record lowest temperature of -17.8 on January 14, 1950. July 2009, on the other hand, was quite the opposite. The temperature rarely reaches or exceeds 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit) in Vancouver. In fact, this happens about one day every 5 years. However, that Vancouver July saw 4 days where the temperature soared above 30 degrees. Two of these days broke the previous record of 33.3 degrees set on August 9, 1960, and the new record was set as 34.4 degrees on July 30, 2009. Talk about going from one extreme to the other.

 
3. Warm 2004 Spring
Spring-Lifestyle
The spring of 2004 was the warmest in Canada. April was quite particularly warm, with record high temperatures being broken in many places. Osoyoos had an April average high of 21.5 degrees Celsius (average April high of 17.6 degrees Celsius); Vancouver had an average high of 15.7 degrees Celsius (average of 13.1 degrees). Records were broken in many cities: Calgary had a high of 25.4 degrees Celsius on March 30, Edmonton had a high of 24.2 degrees Celsius on that same day (breaking its extreme March high of 17.6 degrees). Vancouver recorded a high of 24.3 degrees Celsius on May 1, 21.5 on April 11 and 18.5 on March 29. Osoyoos high temperatures higher than 15 degrees for 29 out of its 30 April days. It was a warm, balmy spring for all.

 
2. Miracle Snow
Petpeevesandrearendcollisions Snow Tampa January 19 1977
Inhabitants of Homestead, Florida, a city with a 25-degree Northern latitude, were completely flabbergasted when they got a light dusting of the white stuff on January 19, 1977. It was their first recorded snow ever, and no snow has ever fallen there since. To top all that off, Homestead is a non-elevated sea level city.
As it turns out, inhabitants were not only baffled, but quite alarmed by the cold, white flaky substance that fell from the sky. Many plants, including crops, suffered from the cold, and many people did not believe the weather forecaster’s miraculous prediction “Cold with rain showers, and a chance of snow.” The weatherman actually had to explain to the people what snow was and what it could do, but many of the folk merely thought he was pulling their legs, and so did not take his warning seriously.

 
1. Year Without Summer
1816 Year Without Summer
In 1816, Mount Tambora erupted and blanketed the atmosphere with ash and dust. Sunspots were visible to the naked eye, and Western Europe, the Northeastern United States and Canada were still encountering frost in May and June. Around 1800 people froze and starved to death, as crops were unable to mature. People as far South as Pennsylvania still observed lake and river ice in July and August.